The effect of expansion ratio on the critical Reynolds number in single fracture flow with sudden expansion          下载免费PDF全文

Jiazhong Qian  Lei Ma  Hongbin Zhan  Qiankun Luo  Xiao Wang  Mu Wang 《水文研究》2016,30(11):1718-1726

Flow in a single fracture (SF) is an important research subject in groundwater hydrology, hydraulic engineering, radioactive nuclear waste repository and geotechnical engineering. An abruptly changing aperture is a unique type of SF. This study discusses the relation between the values of the critical Reynolds number (Re_c) for the onset of symmetry breaking of flow and the expansion ratio (E) of SF, which is defined as the ratio between the outlet (D) and inlet (d) apertures. This study also investigates the effect of inlet aperture d on Re_c for flow in an SF with abruptly changing apertures (SF‐ACA) using the finite volume method. Earlier numerical and experimental results showed that flow is symmetric in respect to the central plane of the SF‐ACA at small Reynolds number (Re) but becomes asymmetric when Re is sufficiently large. Our simulations show that the value of Re_c decreases with the increasing E, and the relationship between the logarithm of Re_c and E can be described accurately using either a quadratic polynomial function or a logarithmic function. However, the relationship of Re_c and d for a given E value is vague, and Re_c becomes even less sensitive to d when E increases. This study also reveals that the hydraulic gradient (J) and flow velocity (v) follow a super‐linear relationship that can be fitted almost perfectly by the Forchheimer equation. The inertial component (J_i) of J increases monotonically with Re, whereas the viscous component (J_v) of J decreases monotonically with Re. The Re value corresponding to equal inertial and viscous components of J (named as the transitional point Re) decreases when E increases, and such a transitional point Re should be closely related to the critical Reynolds number Re_c, although a rigorous theoretical proof is not yet available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Selection of sand models and identification of parameters using an enhanced genetic algorithm          下载免费PDF全文

Yin‐Fu Jin  Zhen‐Yu Yin  Shui‐Long Shen  Pierre‐Yves Hicher 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(8):1219-1240

Numerous constitutive models of granular soils have been developed during the last few decades. As a consequence, how to select an appropriate model with the necessary features based on conventional tests and with an easy way of identifying parameters for geotechnical applications has become a major issue. This paper aims to discuss the selection of sand models and parameters identification by using genetic algorithm. A real‐coded genetic algorithm is enhanced for the optimization with high efficiency. Models with gradually varying features (elastic‐perfectly plastic modelling, nonlinear stress–strain hardening, critical state concept and two‐surface concept) are selected from numerous sand models as examples for optimization. Conventional triaxial tests on Hostun sand are selected as the objectives in the optimization. Four key points are then discussed in turn: (i) which features are necessary to be accounted for in constitutive modelling of sand; (ii) which type of tests (drained and/or undrained) should be selected for an optimal identification of parameters; (iii) what is the minimum number of tests that should be selected for parameter identification; and (iv) what is the suitable and least strain level of objective tests to obtain reliable and reasonable parameters. Finally, a useful guide, based on all comparisons, is provided at the end of the discussion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Assess hydrological responses to a warming climate at the Lysina Critical Zone Observatory in Central Europe     

Wenjuan Zheng  Anna Lamačová  Xuan Yu  Pavel Krám  Jakub Hruška  Pavel Zahradníček  Petr Štěpánek  Aleš Farda 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14281

Climate warming is having profound effects on the hydrological cycle by increasing atmospheric demand, changing water availability, and snow seasonality. Europe suffered three distinct heat waves in 2019, and 11 of the 12 hottest years ever recorded took place in the past two decades, which will potentially change seasonal streamflow patterns and long-term trends. Central Europe exhibited six dry years in a row since 2014. This study uses data from a well-documented headwater catchment in Central Europe (Lysina) to explore hydrological responses to a warming climate. We applied a lumped parameter hydrologic model Brook90 and a distributed model Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM) to simulate long-term hydrological change under future climate scenarios. Both models performed well on historic streamflow and in agreement with each other according to the catchment water budget. In addition, PIHM was able to simulate lateral groundwater redistribution within the catchment validated by the groundwater table dynamics. The long-term trends in runoff and low flow were captured by PIHM only. We applied different EURO-CORDEX models with two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways RCP 4.5, 8.5) and found significant impacts on runoff and evapotranspiration (ET) for the period of 2071–2100. Results from both models suggested reduced runoff and increased ET, while the monthly distribution of runoff was different. We used this catchment study to understand the importance of subsurface processes in projection of hydrologic response to a warming climate.  相似文献   

Fabric evolution within shear bands of granular materials and its relation to critical state theory   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Pengcheng Fu  Yannis F. Dafalias 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(18):1918-1948

In an effort to study the relation of fabrics to the critical states of granular aggregates, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to investigate the evolution of fabrics of virtual granular materials consisting of 2D elongated particles. Specimens with a great variety of initial fabrics in terms of void ratios, preferred particle orientations, and intensities of fabric anisotropy were fabricated and tested with direct shear and biaxial compression tests. During loading of a typical specimen, deformation naturally localizes within shear bands while the remaining of the sample stops deforming. Thus, studying the evolution of fabric requires performing continuous local fabric measurements inside these bands, a suitable task for the proposed DEM methodology. It is found that a common ultimate/critical state is eventually reached by all specimens regardless of their initial states. The ultimate/critical state is characterized by a critical void ratio e which depends on the mean stress p, while the other critical state fabric variables related to particle orientations are largely independent of p. These findings confirm the uniqueness of the critical state line in the e ? p space, and show that the critical state itself is necessarily anisotropic. Additional findings include the following: (1) shear bands are highly heterogeneous and critical states exist only in a statistical sense; (2) critical states can only be reached at very large local shear deformations, which are not always obtained by biaxial compression tests (both physical and numerical); (3) the fabric evolution processes are very complex and highly dependent on the initial fabrics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

植被影响下坡面侵蚀临界水流能量试验研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

肖培青  姚文艺  申震洲  杨春霞 《水科学进展》2011,22(2):229-234

坡面侵蚀临界水流能量是反映土壤抗蚀作用强弱的重要特征值.利用人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了在45mm/h、87 mm/h和127 mm/h降雨强度下、20°陡坡面裸地、草地和灌木地的坡面侵蚀临界水流能量.结果表明,不同植被条件下坡面输沙率随径流切应力、单位水流功率和断面比能的增大而增大,有良好的响应关系.裸地、草地和灌木...  相似文献   

降雨作用下山区边坡稳定性分析     

李德心  何思明  李军歌  朱兴华  黄江成 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2011,22(1):7-10

降雨是诱发边坡失稳破坏的主要原因,本文以坡地水文模型为基础,结合无限边坡稳定计算模型,研究降雨条件下边坡启动的临界降雨条件。通过工程算例表明:降雨量与边坡体稳定系数成反比;滑坡启动的临界降雨量随边坡坡度的增大而减少;随边坡土体内摩擦角的增加而逐渐增加,此分析对降雨型滑坡的研究有借鉴性的意义。  相似文献   

考虑侧填荷载的分离式基础涵洞地基承载力新算法和试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王雯璐  赵大军  王磊 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2011,41(3):771-776,783

为了研究涵侧填土对采用分离式基础涵洞地基承载力的提高效应,先结合基底土体的受力特点,进行受力分析,建立计算模型,构建求解分离式基础地基极限承载力的算法,给出承载力表达式。然后在相似理论的指导下,设计了5组模型,试验模拟粉质黏土地基受荷变形直到破坏的全过程,绘出荷载-沉降曲线,测得涵侧填土高度为0、4、8、12、16 m时的地基极限承载力。试验发现:随着侧填土高度的增加,承载力显著提高,当填土为12 m时已达到885 kPa;但提高幅度表现出非线性特性,先从18.42%增加到36.11%,然后减小到3.39%;当填土达到16 m时承载力达到915 kPa且不再增加;同时发现使用本文算法与试验实测值的误差小于10%,可以考虑用此算法计算分离式基础涵洞的地基极限承载力。继而得出结论:当涵洞地基沉降满足设计要求时,涵侧填土显著提高了地基承载力,节约工程造价,且提高的幅度先增加后减少,当达到16 m时地基承载力便逐渐趋于915 kPa。  相似文献   

深部盐岩层绳索取心钻井液技术研究与应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑文龙 《地质与勘探》2015,51(5):977-983

由于次生应力场的作用以及盐岩易溶于水的特性,深部盐岩层钻进存在岩层蠕动、钻井液易遭受盐钙侵等问题;钻进参数选择不合理易导致盐岩层取心效率低、岩心冲蚀严重。本文以河南省叶舞凹陷ZK3井为例,采用石油钻井与绳索取心相结合的措施,解决了普通固体矿产钻探设备在深部地层取心中效力不足的问题;通过阳离子交换容量测定、矿物组分鉴定、钻井液体系优选及性能测试等试验,确定了针对上部泥岩地层的聚合物钻井液体系,中部含膏泥岩的欠饱和盐水钻井液体系,下部盐岩层取心段的饱和盐水钻井液体系。通过确定合适的钻井液密度与临界环空返速,可以有效控制深部盐岩层蠕变与井壁冲蚀,适度提高排量以成倍提高钻进速度。钻进过程中钻井液性能稳定,体系转换顺利且性能易于调整,为取心任务的顺利完成提供了有力保证。  相似文献   

关于金刚石钻进规程参数合理配合的分析研究          下载免费PDF全文

汤凤林  Чихоткин В.Ф.  高申友  蒋国盛  彭莉  张晓西  卢春华 《探矿工程》2015,42(10):76-80

机械钻速、钻头进尺和每米钻探成本通常称之为是钻探工程的主要技术经济指标。这些技术经济指标均与选用的钻头、所用钻进规程参数和操作技术紧密相关。选用的钻头应与所钻地层的硬度、研磨性（可钻性）相适应。操作技术主要取决于司钻人员的技术、经验和水平。而钻进规程参数的选取和确定及其合理配合则是非常重要的一个因素,不可忽视。提出了临界钻进规程的概念。临界规程是一条红线,不可逾越,否则就会发生事故。正常钻进规程时,钻压和钻头转速应该合理配合,冲洗液量宜保证岩粉处于正常规程状态,以得到理想的钻探工程技术经济指标。建议根据功率表读数变化来调整钻压和钻头转速的合理配合,利用流量计监控孔底的冲洗液数量,严格控制临界规程的形成,把经验打钻和科学打钻结合起来。  相似文献   

基于HBV模型的淮河流域洪水致灾临界雨量研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

卢燕宇  田红 《气象》2015,41(6):755-760

根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,文章提出了考虑前期基础水位的动态致灾临界雨量指标,并以淮河上游地区为例,基于HBV水文模型建立了降水-流量-水位关系,并根据这种关系确立了临界雨量确定的方法流程.首先基于历史水文数据率定和验证模型,得到适用于研究区的最优化模型参数,然后构建洪水上涨期水位流量关系,最后以是否达到致灾水位为标准,通过模型试算并结合水位流量关系曲线反推出致灾临界雨量值.在淮河上游地区的研究中,利用2002-2009年逐日气象水文数据对HBV模型进行了参数率定和检验,并针对洪水过程进行了参数优化,经过率定后HBV模型对王家坝以上流域具备较好的适用性,对典型洪水过程模拟的确定性系数和NASH效率系数均在0.8以上;根据王家坝站实测流量水位数据,构建了概化的单一关系曲线;结合HBV模型和水位流量关系得到了王家坝以上流域的动态致灾临界雨量指标,临界雨量值随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了明显的非线性响应特征.  相似文献